Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization

doi: 10.1101/2023.01.29.526128

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Schematic of stool extract preparation and analysis. B) Western blots of REG1A, REG3A, REG3G, and REG4 in stool extracts from representative 3 non-IBD (NIBD) and 5 IBD patients. C) Proportion of stool specimens from individual NIBD (n = 23) and IBD (n = 26) patients in which REG1A, REG3A, REG3G, or REG4 were detectable by western blot. D) Quantification of REG3A in NIBD and IBD patients-derived stool extracts by ELISA. E) Fold changes in colony forming units (CFU) of Enterococcus faecalis ( Efl ) and Salmonella Typhimurium ( S Tm) following 24 hrs of culture in stool extracts from NIBD (n = 56) and IBD (n = 56) patients. Results obtained with Efl were confirmed with E. faecium ( Efm ) (n = 18 for NIBD and n = 19 for IBD). F) Correlation between REG3A concentration and CFU fold changes of Efl (upper), S Tm (middle), and Efm (lower) cultured in stool extract from NIBD and IBD patients. G) Fold change in Efm CFU at 24 hr-post culture in NIBD (left) and IBD (right) patient-derived stool extract or PBS in the presence of anti-REG1A, REG3A, and REG3G antibodies. N = 13 for NIBD and IBD. H) Correlation between REG3A concentration and Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI) for CD patients (n = 31, left) or total Mayo score for ulcerative colitis (UC) patients (n = 24, right). Data points in D-H represent individual patients. Bars represent mean ± SEM and at least three independent experiments were performed. NIBD, non-IBD; Efl , E. faecalis ; S Tm, S. Typhimurium; Efm , E. faecium ; CDAI, Crohn’s disease activity index; UC, ulcerative colitis; r, Pearson correlation coefficient. Indicated p values by Fisher’s exact test in C, unpaired t test, two-tailed in D, E, and G, and simple linear regression analysis in F and H.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used for western blotting studies: anti-REG1A (R&D systems, MAB4937), REG3A (R&D systems, MAB5965), REG3G (Abcam, ab233480), REG4 (Abcam, ab255820), NOD2 (Invitrogen, MA1-16611), and β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, A5441).

Techniques: Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Activity Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization

doi: 10.1101/2023.01.29.526128

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) REG3A concentration in stool extracts from NIBD and IBD patients from separated by sex. B) REG3A concentration in stool extracts from Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. C) Correlation between age of NIBD and IBD patients and REG3A concentration. D) REG3A concentration in stool extracts segregated into indicated age groups. E) Proportion of patients in which Enterococcus and E. faecium ( Efm ) were detected in stool. F) Proportion of Enterococcus that are Efm in NIBD and IBD stools. Data points in A-D and F represent individual patients. Bars represent mean ± SEM and at least two independent experiments were performed. r, Pearson correlation coefficient. Indicated p values by unpaired t test, two-tailed in A, D, and F, simple linear regression analysis in C, and Fisher’s exact test in E.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used for western blotting studies: anti-REG1A (R&D systems, MAB4937), REG3A (R&D systems, MAB5965), REG3G (Abcam, ab233480), REG4 (Abcam, ab255820), NOD2 (Invitrogen, MA1-16611), and β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, A5441).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization

doi: 10.1101/2023.01.29.526128

Figure Lengend Snippet: A and B) 16S rRNA sequencing of stool from NIBD and IBD patients from . Alpha diversity values calculated as Shannon (right), Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (PD) (middle), and Pielou-evenness (right) indices (A). Principle coordinate analyses of beta diversity determined by Bay-Curtis, Jaccard, and Unweighted and Weighted unifrac methods (B). C) Proportion of sequencing reads representing Enterococcus in NIBD and IBD patient stool. One NIBD sample contained >80% Enterococcus indicative of an overabundance, which is shown as a reference on the graph but excluded from statistical analysis and downstream assays. D) Total Enterococcus (left) and Efm (right) CFUs in stool from NIBD (n = 39) and IBD (n = 43) patients. E) Correlation between REG3A concentration and the burden of total Enterococcus and Efm in IBD stool. F) Correlation between the burden of total Enterococcus and CDAI of CD patients (n = 24, left) and total Mayo score of UC patients (n = 18, right). Data points represent individual patients. Bars represent mean ± SEM and at least three independent experiments were performed. r, Pearson correlation coefficient. Indicated p values by Kruskal-Wallis test in A, unpaired t test, two-tailed in C and D, and simple linear regression analysis in E and F.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used for western blotting studies: anti-REG1A (R&D systems, MAB4937), REG3A (R&D systems, MAB5965), REG3G (Abcam, ab233480), REG4 (Abcam, ab255820), NOD2 (Invitrogen, MA1-16611), and β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, A5441).

Techniques: Sequencing, Concentration Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization

doi: 10.1101/2023.01.29.526128

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) NOD2 R702W allele frequency according to ethnic groups. The frequencies were retrieved from 1000 Genomes Project and Allele Frequency Aggregator. B) Schematic of genotyping PCR product (left) and representative genotyping gel image (right) for Nod2 Q675W knock-in mouse. C) Sequencing of the Nod2 locus from the above mice confirmed successful gene targeting. Figure shows exon 4 DNA and amino acid sequences from Nod2 Q675W knock-in mouse sequencing results aligned to the WT sequences. Red boxes indicate the mutated region. D) Western blot image of NOD2 and β-actin (ACTB) in colonic tissue lysates from Nod2 -/- , Nod2 Q675W/+ , and Nod2 Q675W/Q675W mice. E and F) DSS treatment of Nod2 Q675W/+ and Nod2 Q675W/Q675W mice from room 6 following 2-week administration of Efm in drinking water or control. The mice were examined for the burden of Efm (E) and LCN2 concentration (F) in the stool samples at the indicated time points. G) Endogenous Enterococcus burden among mice with different genotypes on day 0 (upper). The p -values relative to Nod2 Q675W/+ or Nod2 Q675W/Q675W mice were indicated in lower table. H) Schematic of the mechanism by which Efm activates NOD2 to suppress inflammation, and how this process is disrupted when either REG3A is overproduced or NOD2 is genetically inactivated. Lines in E and data points in F and G represent individual mice. Bars in F and G represent mean ± SEM and at least three independent experiments were performed. Het, heterozygotes; Homo, homozygotes. Indicated p values by unpaired t test, two-tailed in F and G.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used for western blotting studies: anti-REG1A (R&D systems, MAB4937), REG3A (R&D systems, MAB5965), REG3G (Abcam, ab233480), REG4 (Abcam, ab255820), NOD2 (Invitrogen, MA1-16611), and β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, A5441).

Techniques: Knock-In, Sequencing, Western Blot, Control, Concentration Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Hyperglycaemia inhibits REG3A expression to exacerbate TLR3-mediated skin inflammation in diabetes

doi: 10.1038/ncomms13393

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Quantification of REG3A mRNA expression in the skin wounds of normal or diabetic patients with acute injury ( n =5). ( b ) Immunohistochemical analysis of REG3A in the skin wounds from three normal or diabetic patients. The samples from normal patients were taken 1 day (two patients) or 2 days after acute injury, whereas the samples from diabetic patients were taken 5 or 9 or 14 days after acute injury. ( c ) The expression of RegIIIγ mRNA in skin wounds of normal and T1D mice 3 days after aseptic injury ( n =6). ( d ) Immunoblot analysis of RegIIIγ in skin extracts taken from 2 mm surrounding the wound edges of normal and T1D mice. ( e ) Immunohistochemical analysis of RegIIIγ in day-3 skin wounds of normal and T1D mice. ( f ) Quantification of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression in day-3 skin wounds from normal and T1D mice treated with or without 100 μg RegIIIγ ( n =8). ( g ) Quantification of TNF-α and IL-6 production by ELISA in day-3 skin wounds of normal and T1D mice ( n =5). ( h ) Wound healing of normal and T1D mice treated with ( n =7) or without 100 μg RegIIIγ ( n =6). ( i ) Photographs of healing wounds from normal and T1D mice treated as in h . All the mice used in the study without specific notes were C57BL/6 strain, and T1D mice were developed by STZ induction. Long scale bars represent 200 μm. Short scale bars represent 50 μm. Black rectangles designate region of × 400 magnification shown in inset of b and e . The abbreviations used here are normal (Nor), diabetes mellitus (DM), unwounded (unW), wounded (W) and RegIIIγ (R). * P <0.05, ** P <0.01 and *** P <0.001. P values were determined by two-tail t -tests ( a ) or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; c , f – h ). Data are means±s.e.m. and representative of two to three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The sections were stained with anti-human REG3A antibody (Shanghai Immunogen Biological Technology &Co. LTD, A101122-LZ0098), or anti-mouse RegIIIγ antibody (ABclonal Biotechnology, WG-00077D-K39), or anti-human IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF4810) or anti-mouse IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF3626), and then reprobed with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Neobioscience, China) according to the manufacturer's introduction.

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Hyperglycaemia inhibits REG3A expression to exacerbate TLR3-mediated skin inflammation in diabetes

doi: 10.1038/ncomms13393

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) IL-17 production by ELISA in skin extracts taken from 2 mm skin surrounding the wound edges of normal and T1D mice at indicated times ( n =4). ( b ) Immunoblot of REG3A in NHEKs stimulated by different doses of rhIL-33 for 12 h. ( c ) RegIIIγ and IL-33 production by ELISA in skin extracts taken as in a ( n =4). ( d , e ) Immunohistochemical analyses of IL-33 in day-3 skin wounds of normal and T1D mice ( d ) or skin wounds of normal and diabetic patients taken as in ( e ). Long scale bars represent 200 μm while short scale bars represent 50 μm. Black rectangles designate region of × 400 magnification shown in inset. ( f ) Immunoblot of RegIIIγ in the skin wounds of T1D mice treated with PBS or rmIL-33. The first two samples were day-3 skin wounds of normal and T1D mice. The other three samples were from the skin wounds of T1D mice treated with rmIL-33 a day before wounding (−1) or 1 or 3 days post wounding. ( g ) Wound healing of normal and T1D mice treated with ( n =7) or without rmIL-33 ( n =6). ( h ) IL-33 production in NHEKs induced by different doses of rhIL-17 for 24 h. ( i ) The production of IL-33 and RegIIIγ in day-3 skin wounds of wild-type (WT) and Il17 −/− mice. ( j ) REG3A production in NHEKs induced by 200 ng ml −1 rhIL-17 before and after IL-33 was silenced. ( k ) Immunoblot of RegIIIγ in skin wounds of WT and Il17 −/− mice treated with PBS or 2 μg rmIL-33. ( l ) IL-33 production induced by 200 ng ml −1 rhIL-17 in NHEKs exposed to 20 mM glucose or mannitol for 24 h. ( m ) Immunofluorescent staining of IL-33 in NHEKs treated as in l . Scale bars represent 25 μm. ( n ) IL-33 production in NHEKs treated with 200 ng ml −1 rhIL-17 in the presence or absence of 20 mM glucose before and after AGE was inhibited by 2 mM aminoguanidine. The abbreviations used here are IL-33 shRNA ( IL-33 sh), glucose (Glu), mannitol (Man), aminoguanidine (AG). * P <0.05, ** P <0.01 and *** P <0.001. P values were determined by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data are means±s.e.m. and representative of two to three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The sections were stained with anti-human REG3A antibody (Shanghai Immunogen Biological Technology &Co. LTD, A101122-LZ0098), or anti-mouse RegIIIγ antibody (ABclonal Biotechnology, WG-00077D-K39), or anti-human IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF4810) or anti-mouse IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF3626), and then reprobed with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Neobioscience, China) according to the manufacturer's introduction.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, shRNA

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Hyperglycaemia inhibits REG3A expression to exacerbate TLR3-mediated skin inflammation in diabetes

doi: 10.1038/ncomms13393

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Quantification of Tlr3 mRNA expression in day-3 skin wounds of normal and T1D mice ( n =6). ( b ) Quantification of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression in the skin extracts taken from 2 mm surrounding the wound edges of WT and Tlr3 −/− T1D mice at day 3 ( n =6). ( c ) Wound healing of normal WT ( n =12), normal Tlr3 −/− ( n =8), diabetic WT ( n =12) and diabetic Tlr3 −/− ( n =10) mice. ( d ) Quantification of TNF-α ( n =5) and IL-6 ( n =8) protein by ELISA in the skin extracts taken from 2 mm surrounding the wound edges of WT and Tlr3 −/− T1D mice treated with or without RegIIIγ. ( e ) Quantification of TNF-α and IL-6 protein by ELISA in NHEKs treated with 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of 30 nM REG3A ( n =3). ( f ) Quantification of TNF-α and IL-6 protein by ELISA in NHEKs treated with 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of different mutants of REG3A ( n =3). ( g ) Quantification of TNF-α and IL-6 protein by ELISA in adult human epidermal keratinocytes (AHEKs) treated with 10 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of 30 nM REG3A or C-REG3A ( n =3). * P <0.05, ** P <0.01 and *** P <0.001. NS, no significance; ND, not detected. P values were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; f , g ) or two-way ANOVA ( a – e ). Data are means±s.e.m. and representative of two to three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The sections were stained with anti-human REG3A antibody (Shanghai Immunogen Biological Technology &Co. LTD, A101122-LZ0098), or anti-mouse RegIIIγ antibody (ABclonal Biotechnology, WG-00077D-K39), or anti-human IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF4810) or anti-mouse IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF3626), and then reprobed with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Neobioscience, China) according to the manufacturer's introduction.

Techniques: Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Hyperglycaemia inhibits REG3A expression to exacerbate TLR3-mediated skin inflammation in diabetes

doi: 10.1038/ncomms13393

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Immunoblot of SHP-1 in NHEKs stimulated with 30 nM REG3A for indicated times. ( b ) Immunoblot of SHP-1 in AHEKs stimulated with different doses of REG3A for 24 h. ( c ) Immunoblot of SHP-1 in mouse skin intradermally injected with 100 μg RegIIIγ for indicated times. ( d , e ) Immunoblot of SHP-1 in NHEKs transfected with different doses of pSG5-C-REG3A ( d ) for indicated times ( e ). ( f ) Immunoblot of SHP-1 in NHEKs stimulated with 100 ng ml −1 rhIL-33 before and after REG3A silencing. ( g ) TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression in NHEKs transfected with 1 μg pCMV vector or pCMV-SHP-1 in the presence or absence of 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) for 24 h ( n =3). ( h ) TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression in NHEKs treated with 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) and/or 30 nM REG3A before or after SHP-1 silencing ( n =3). ( i ) TNF-α and IL-6 production in AHEKs treated as in h ( n =3). ( j ) TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression in day-3 skin wounds of WT normal or T1D mice ( n =5). The mice were intradermally injected with H 2 O or 4 mg of SHP-1 inhibitor SSG before wounding. Three days later, 2 mm skin surrounding the wounds was taken for RNA isolation. The abbreviations used here are SHP-1 shRNA ( SHP-1 sh) and REG3A (R). * P <0.05, ** P <0.01 and *** P <0.001. NS, no significance; ND, not detected. P values were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; g ) or two-way ANOVA ( h – j ). Data are means±s.e.m. and representative of two to three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The sections were stained with anti-human REG3A antibody (Shanghai Immunogen Biological Technology &Co. LTD, A101122-LZ0098), or anti-mouse RegIIIγ antibody (ABclonal Biotechnology, WG-00077D-K39), or anti-human IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF4810) or anti-mouse IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF3626), and then reprobed with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Neobioscience, China) according to the manufacturer's introduction.

Techniques: Western Blot, Injection, Transfection, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Isolation, shRNA

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Hyperglycaemia inhibits REG3A expression to exacerbate TLR3-mediated skin inflammation in diabetes

doi: 10.1038/ncomms13393

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Interaction between Flag-tagged different domains of EXTL3 and REG3A assessed by immunoblot analysis after immunoprecipitation with anti-Flag or anti-REG3A. M: mock; F: full-length EXTL3; N: N-EXTL3 (1–548); C: C-EXTL3 (141–919); ΔNΔC: EXTL3 ΔNΔC (141–548). ( b ) Interaction between REG3A or C-REG3A and Flag-tagged N-EXTL3 assessed by immunoblot analysis after immunoprecipitation with anti-REG3A or anti-Flag. F: full-length REG3A; C: CTLD domain of REG3A. ( c ) Quantification of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression in NHEKs stimulated with 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) and/or 30 nM REG3A before or after EXTL3 silencing ( n =3). ( d ) Immunoblot of SHP-1 in NHEKs treated with 30 nM REG3A before or after EXTL3 silencing. EXTK3 si: EXTL3 siRNA. ( e ) SHP-1 production in NHEKs treated with 30 nM REG3A in the presence or absence of NF-κB inhibitor (Bay11, 10 μM), Erk inhibitor (PD98059, 20 μM), p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB202190, 5 μM), PI3K inhibitor (LY294002, 50 μM), STAT3 inhibitor (S3I-201,50 μM) and AKT inhibitor (AKT1/2 inhibitor, 8 μM). ( f ) Immunoblot of phosphorylated AKT in NHEKs treated with 30 nM REG3A for 1 h before or after EXTL3 was silenced. ( g ) Immunoblot of p-STAT3 and p-AKT in NHEKs treated with 30 nM REG3A and/or AKT1/2 inhibitor for 1 h. AKT1/2 i: AKT1/2 inhibitor. ( h ) Immunoblot of p-STAT3 and p-AKT in NHEKs treated with 30 nM REG3A and/or STAT3 inhibitor (S3I-201) for 1 h. STAT3 i: STAT3 inhibitor. *** P <0.001. NS, no significance. P values were analysed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data are means±s.e.m. and representative of two to three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The sections were stained with anti-human REG3A antibody (Shanghai Immunogen Biological Technology &Co. LTD, A101122-LZ0098), or anti-mouse RegIIIγ antibody (ABclonal Biotechnology, WG-00077D-K39), or anti-human IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF4810) or anti-mouse IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF3626), and then reprobed with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Neobioscience, China) according to the manufacturer's introduction.

Techniques: Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation, Expressing

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Hyperglycaemia inhibits REG3A expression to exacerbate TLR3-mediated skin inflammation in diabetes

doi: 10.1038/ncomms13393

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a , b ) Quantification of TNF-α and IL-6 production by ELISA in NHEKs treated with 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) ( a ) or in AHEKs treated with 10 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) ( b ) in the presence or absence of JNK inhibitor (SP600125, 15 μM) for 24 h ( n =3). ( c ) The phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun in NHEKs stimulated by 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of JNK inhibitor for 1 h. JNK i: JNK inhibitor. ( d , e ) Normalized luciferase activity in 293T cells co-transfected with the plasmid expressing c-Jun (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 ng) and plasmids containing TNF-α promoter (50 ng; d ), or TNF-α promoter with mutation in c-Jun binding site (50 ng; d ), or IL-6 promoter (100 ng; e ), or IL-6 promoter with the mutation in c-Jun binding site (100 ng; e ) for 24 h. ( f ) The phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun in WT primary murine keratinocytes stimulated by 10 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) for indicated times. ( g ) The phosphorylation of JNK2 and c-Jun in Jnk1 −/− primary murine keratinocytes stimulated by 10 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) for indicated times. ( h ) The phosphorylation of JNK1 and c-Jun in Jnk2 −/− primary murine keratinocytes stimulated by 10 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) for indicated times. ( i , j ) JNK2 phosphorylation in the skin wounds of WT and Tlr3 −/− normal mice ( i ) or T1D mice ( j ). ( k ) Quantification of TNF-α and IL-6 production by ELISA in day-3 skin wounds of WT and Jnk2 −/− normal and T1D mice ( n =6). ( l ) Wound healing of WT ( n =6), Jnk1 −/− ( n =4) and Jnk2 −/− T1D mice ( n =6). ( m , n ) JNK2 phosphorylation in NHEKs stimulated by 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of 30 nM REG3A ( m ) or C-REG3A ( n ). ( o ) JNK2 phosphorylation in AHEKs stimulated by 10 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) in the presence or absence of 30 nM REG3A. * P <0.05, ** or ## P <0.01 and ***or ### P <0.001. P value was analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; a , b ) or two-way ANOVA ( d , e , k , l ). Data are the means±s.e.m. and representative of two to three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The sections were stained with anti-human REG3A antibody (Shanghai Immunogen Biological Technology &Co. LTD, A101122-LZ0098), or anti-mouse RegIIIγ antibody (ABclonal Biotechnology, WG-00077D-K39), or anti-human IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF4810) or anti-mouse IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF3626), and then reprobed with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Neobioscience, China) according to the manufacturer's introduction.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Phospho-proteomics, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Mutagenesis, Binding Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Hyperglycaemia inhibits REG3A expression to exacerbate TLR3-mediated skin inflammation in diabetes

doi: 10.1038/ncomms13393

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Phosphorylated JNK2 in NHEKs transfected with pCMV vector, pCMV-muSHP-1(C453S) and pCMV-SHP-1 in the presence or absence of 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C). ( b ) Phosphorylated JNK2 in NHEKs stimulated with 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) and/or 30 nM REG3A before or after SHP-1 silencing. ( c ) Interaction between SHP-1 and JNK2 in NHEKs stimulated with 5 μg ml −1 poly(I:C) and/or 30 nM REG3A assessed by immunoblot analysis after immunoprecipitation with anti-SHP-1 or anti-JNK2. ( d ) Immunoblot of p-JNK2, SHP-1 and RegIIIγ in the skin extracts taken from 2 mm surrounding the wound edges of WT normal and T1D mice at indicated times. ( e ) Immunoblot of p-JNK2, SHP-1 and RegIIIγ in the skin wounds of WT normal mice injected with IgG or RegIIIγ-neutralizing antibody. ( f ) Immunoblot of p-JNK2 and SHP-1 in the skin wounds of WT normal and T1D mice injected with 100 μg RegIIIγ. ( g ) Wound healing in T1D mice treated with or without 100 μg RegIIIγ before or after SHP-1 was inhibited by its inhibitor SSG ( n =9). ( h ) The schematic graph reflects the interaction between REG3A and TLR3 signalling. After skin injury, IL-33 induces REG3A expression in epidermal keratinocytes. REG3A, in turn, acts on keratinocytes to induce the negative regulator SHP-1 to selectively inhibit TLR3-activated JNK2, thus controlling TLR3-induced inflammation in skin wounds. However, in diabetes, hyperglycaemia inhibits IL-33 expression induced by IL-17. The reduction of IL-33 leads to the decrease in REG3A and SHP-1 but increased TLR3-activated JNK2 phosphorylation, thus exacerbating inflammation in diabetic skin wounds. The abbreviations used here are control (Ctrl), poly(I:C) (P), REG3A (R) and Reg Ab (RegIIIγ antibody). * P <0.05, and *** P <0.001. NS, no significance. P value was analysed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data are the means±s.e.m. and representative of two independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The sections were stained with anti-human REG3A antibody (Shanghai Immunogen Biological Technology &Co. LTD, A101122-LZ0098), or anti-mouse RegIIIγ antibody (ABclonal Biotechnology, WG-00077D-K39), or anti-human IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF4810) or anti-mouse IL-33 antibody (R&D, AF3626), and then reprobed with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Neobioscience, China) according to the manufacturer's introduction.

Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation, Injection, Expressing, Phospho-proteomics, Control